Data
Data subcommands allow grabbing data from any item and turning it into NBT -- shareable data that can be turned right back into an item.
note
Only some commands have this implemented, like the item
command. This is not a command on its own.
Commands
(root command) data get
-- gets the data from the item (copyable)
(root command) data from <data>
-- grabs an item from the data
NBT
The /nbt command allows you to get data from any item, regardless of its system. It generates longer input, but is also more universal than the data subcommand.
/nbt get
Get the NBT from the held item
/nbt set (data) [(material = minecraft:paper)]
Sets the NBT for this held item.
Item Persistance
If you have access to the creative menu, items store their data in the item itself, meaning any item can be put in a saved toolbar and recollected at any time.